Instrument

String Instrument

A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating string. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones. The most common string instruments in the string family are guitar, violin, viola, cello, double bass, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, and harp. Not often immediately recognized as such, a piano is also a string instrument.

Violin

The violin is a bowed string instrument with four strings usually tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest and highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola and cello.
The violin is sometimes informally called a fiddle, regardless of the type of music played on it. The word violin comes from the Middle Latin word vitula, meaning stringed instrument

Orchestra

Orchestra

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An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string, brass, woodwind sections, and almost always a percussion section as well.

The termorchestra derives from the name for the area in front of an ancient Greek stage reserved for the Greek chorus. The orchestra grew by accretion throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but changed very little in composition during the course of the twentieth century.

A smaller-sized orchestra for thistime period (of about fifty players or fewer) is called a chamber orchestra. A full-size orchestra (about 100 players) may sometimes be called a "symphony orchestra" or "philharmonic orchestra"; these prefixes do not necessarily indicate any strict difference in either the instrumental constitution or role of the orchestra, but can be useful to distinguish different ensembles based in the same city (for instance, the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Orchestra).

A symphony orchestra will usually have over eighty musicians on its roster, in

some cases over a hundred, but the actual number of musicians employed in a particular performance may vary according to the work being played and the size of the venue. A leading chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians; some are much smaller than that.

A smaller-sized orchestra for thistime period (of about fifty players or fewer) is called a chamber orchestra. A full-size orchestra (about 100 players) may sometimes be called a "symphony orchestra" or "philharmonic orchestra"; these prefixes do not necessarily indicate any strict difference in either the instrumental constitution or role of the orchestra, but can be useful to distinguish different ensembles based in the same city (for instance, the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Orchestra).

A symphony orchestra will usually have over eighty musicians on its roster, in some cases over a hundred, but the actual number of musicians employed

in a particular performance may vary according to the work being played and the size of the venue.

A leading chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians; some are much smaller than that.

Types of Music

What is Music?

Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody

and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics) and sonic qualities of timbre and texture. Music moves us, and soothes us. It stimulates. It makes us want to dance or sing..

There are many types of music, such as classical, rock, jazz, blues, etc.

Classical Music

Classical music is the art music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of Western Liturgical and secular music, encompassing a broad period from roughly the 9th century to present times.The central norms of this

tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. Classical music can also take on the form of the concerto,symphony, sonata, opera, dance music, suite, etude, symphonic poem, and others.

Common practice period

Baroque Music

Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. The beginnings

of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized n

otion of theme and

variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.During the Baroque era, keyboard music played on the harpsichord and pipe organ became increasingly popular,

and the violin family of stringed instruments took the form generally seen today. Opera as a staged musical drama began to differentiate itself from earlier musical and dramatic forms, and vocal forms like the cantata and oratorio became

more common.

Classic Period Music

The Classical period, from abut 1750 to 1820,established many of the norms of composition, presentation and style, and was when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument. The basic forces required for an orchestra became somewhat standardized (although they would grow as the potential of awider array of instruments was developed in the following centuries).

These are the classical music composers:

1. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach

2. Christoph Willibal Gluck

3. Joseph Haydn

4. Luigi Boccherini

5. Antonio Salieri

6. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

7. Ludwig Van Beethoven

Romantic Era Music

The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the second decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing.

Romantic Composers

Name	Date born	Date died	Nationality
Ludwig Van Beethoven	1770	1827	German
Ferdinando Carulli	1770	1841	Italian
Frederic Chopin	1810	1849	Polish
Robert Schumann	1810	1856	German
Johannes Brahms	1833	1897	German
Antonin Dvorak	1841	1904	Czech etc.

20th century, modern, and contemporary music

The modern era began with impressionist music from 1910 to 1920, which was dominated by French composers (against the traditional German ways of art and music). Impressionist music by Erik Satie, Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel used pentatonic scales, long flowing phrases and free rhythms. Modernism (1905 - 1985) marked a period when many composers rejected certain values of the common practice period, such as traditional tonality, melody, instrumentation, and structure.

Composers, academics, and musicians developed extensions of music theory and technique. 20th century classical music, encompassing a wide variety of post-Romantic styles composed through the year 1999, includes late Romantic, Modern and Postmodern styles of composition. The term "contemporary music" is sometimes used to describe music composed in the

late 20th century through to the present day..

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